Aristotelian Criticism of Jimmy Carters Speech for Gerald Fords Eulogy Essay Example

Aristotelian Criticism of Jimmy Carters Speech for Gerald Fords Eulogy Essay Example Aristotelian Criticism of Jimmy Carters Speech for Gerald Fords Eulogy Paper Aristotelian Criticism of Jimmy Carters Speech for Gerald Fords Eulogy Paper 1976 was the first time in the United States history where presidential candidates would debate head to head, sharing the stage and increasing competition. Gerald Ford was expected to come ahead, but his opponent Jimmy Carter was perceived as confident and a fierce contender. Many argue that Gerald Ford’s downfall was due to the pardon of President Nixon, while others thought he faltered during the live broadcasted debate in San Francisco, with his response to his â€Å"international policy leadership. (CNN Time) Nevertheless, come election day, Jimmy Carter was the new Commander in Chief. Although their rivalry was aggressive, the two stayed friends and worked closely on many national matters, such as â€Å"the Panama Canal treaties, nuclear armaments control with the Soviet Union and the Camp David accords. † (Carter) President Carter spoke at Ford’s funeral and Carter’s speech is a great example of how a speaker can convey condolence and affection for a worth adversary and friend. A Neo-Aristotelian Criticism, created in 1925, by Hervert A. Wichlen is an analysis that condones the use of the five cannons; invention, organization, style, memory and delivery. To begin with invention, one must describe the external proofs, meaning the context of the speech and background of the speaker and occasion and internal proofs, the affected audience and specific appeals used. Ethos appeal to ethics and morals, pathos, targeting emotions and logos, to engaging facts and logistics. The second foundation is organization, or the structure and arrangement of said artifact. This is looking at why and what manner the rhetor organized context. The third cannon is style, meaning the stylistic device the speaker chose to weave into his speech, such as alliteration, metaphors or allegories or just the style of language the rhetor uses. Next is memory. Has the rhetor memorized some, part or all of his speech? The final cannon is delivery, the actual presentation of the artifact. Examples are hand gestures, eye contact and other vocal devices. There are other elements in Neo- Aristotelian criticism, like public perception, audience, major ideas and long term effects. However, the method always utilizes most if not all of the five cannons. I will start my analysis of Former President Jimmy Carter’s eulogy with invention. Carter drew on ethos with his description of their faith and moral values, and the fact that both were former presidents increases credibility of both the rhetor and the man that was being remembered. Jimmy Carter also touches the logos, or factual side, reminding the people of the many challenges the president and America faced, such as â€Å"the Panama treaties, nuclear armaments control with the Soviet Union, normalized diplomatic relations with China,† and many other issues. f the occasion and nature of the speech, Carter appealed to pathos. He is also affecting the emotions of his audience, with his intimate stories of his time spent with Ford. Another example is the personal amusement the two presidents shared with the cartoon in the â€Å"New Yorker,† (Carter), or the light hearted jokes Carter strategically placed throughout the eulogy. He was sincere, but he did not let th e mood turn to one of somberness. On that note I’ll move into the next cannon, organization. While the occasion is one of seriousness, Carter brings humor to the table. He carefully structures his speech to follow the pattern of a serious or intimate anecdote, followed by a small joke or humorous story of Ford and himself. This successfully keeps the atmosphere respectful, however all can smile in remembrance of Ford’s life and happy moments. Not only does he regulate the mood, but also the audience’s attention. By revealing personal stories, he invites the audience into not only Ford’s life, but his too. Carter’s introduction and conclusion is the same line, â€Å"For myself and for our nation, I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land. † (Carter) This is successful arrangement because it draws all the anecdotes and jokes back to the occasion, celebrating a friend and national representative. As I mentioned before, Jimmy Carter uses many small stories, or anecdotes, throughout his speech. Carter also uses a cathartic strategy, which can be explained as a release of strong emotion, and in this situation his eulogy is his release. His approach is personal, listing the names of his family members, and the Ford family members. This adds to the sincerity of the eulogy because he is talking directly to the family, instead of a broad out reach to the audience. Since the artifact was not memorized, the final cannon I want to address is the delivery. Carter’s delivery fit his purpose perfectly. He respectfully honored a great person. The slow pace of his presentation represents the solemnity of the matter. Carter also takes time to look out into the audience as he speaks which shows that he is trying to also make a connection on a personal level. Overall, Jimmy Carter accomplished his goal in giving a memorable and respectable speech in honor of former President Gerald Ford. Through his context, organization, style and delivery Carter effectively demonstrates a professional, yet personal method that consoles and reminisces of a former adversary and friend. Bibliography Foss, Sonja K. Rhetorical Criticism: Exploration Practice. 4th ed. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 1989. Print. Carter, Jimmy. Carter Center Editorials and Speeches Jimmy Carter Eulogy for Gerald R. Ford. Carter Center Editorials and Speeches Jimmy Carter Eulogy for Gerald R. Ford. The Carter Center, 3 Jan. 2007. Web. 09 Sept. 2012. . 1976 Presidential Debates. AllPolitics. Ed. Unknown. CNN. com, 1996. Web. 09 Sept. 2012. . Goodrigde, Elisabeth. Gerald Ford v. Jimmy Carter: There Is No Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe U. S. News and World Report. U. S. News and World Report, 17 Jan. 2008. Web. 9 Sept. 2012. .

Essay on ECONOMICS The Challenges of Unemployment

Essay on ECONOMICS The Challenges of Unemployment Essay on ECONOMICS: The Challenges of Unemployment Essay on ECONOMICS: The Challenges of UnemploymentUnemployment is a form of manifestation of macroeconomic instability expressed in excess of supply over demand of labor, when the economically active population is not engaged in economic activity in the country despite active search for job and willingness to work. Obviously, with the incomplete use of the available manpower resources economic system works not reaching its production capacity limits, and any economic growth in the country is out of the question. Thus, unemployment entails a significant reduction in potential gross product and national income. According to Okun’s law the increase in actual unemployment by 1% compared to its natural rate leads to 2.5% loss of GNP, which further manifests in the reduction of total consumption, savings and investment, general increase of social burden and uneven distribution of unemployment costs among different population groups, and overall reduction of households’ welfar e (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 82). In addition, the rise in unemployment causes worsening of crime situation, worsening of growth dynamics of public interest in labor, as well as loss of qualifications of able-bodied citizens.By the end of 2013 there were nearly 202 million unemployed in the world, that is, about five million more than in the previous year (Nattrass, 2014, p. 90). This especially harmed 74.5 million young people aged 15 to 24, which is a million more than in the previous year (Nattrass, 2014, p. 91). If governments continue to do nothing and do not deal with the crisis of youth employment, stagnant unemployment and other problems of the labor market, this may lead to further social tensions. Thus, unemployment is currently one of the most serious challenges that contemporary economies must overcome. Further in this paper, we will examine the main types of unemployment and produce recommendations on preventing the development of factors causing them.Major types of une mploymentAll working-age population that is not working, but is looking for job is considered unemployed. The criteria for distinguishing the types of unemployment, as a rule, are the reasons for it.Thus, involuntary or unemployment of expectations occurs when an employee is able and willing to work at a given wage, but cannot find a job. The reason is the imbalance in the labor market due to the inflexibility of wages (due to laws on minimum wages, trade union demands, raising wages to improve the quality of labor, etc.). When the real wage is above the level corresponding to the balance of supply and demand, labor supply exceeds demand. Number of applicants for a limited number of jobs increases, and the chance of real employment decreases, which increases unemployment rate. Varieties of involuntary unemployment include cyclic (caused by repetitive production decline in the country or region), seasonal (depends on fluctuations in the level of economic activity during the year, cha racteristic of some specific sectors of the economy), and technological (related to mechanization and automation of production, which resulted in part of labor power becoming superfluous, or requiring a higher skill level (Verhaar Jansma, 2014). In turn, voluntary unemployment is related to the reluctance of people to work, for example under conditions of reduced wages. Voluntary unemployment increases during economic boom and decreases in recession. Also, there is a concept of â€Å"unemployment trap†, when a person’s income do not differ much, regardless of whether one works or not (due to deprivation of the right to appropriate compensation and fringe benefits, as well as significant payments of insurance premiums, etc.), which reduces a person’s interest to employment (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 128).One of the key types of unemployment is structural unemployment which is caused by structural changes in the economy, such as changes in the structure of demand for products of different industries, consumer goods and production technologies, elimination of obsolete industries and professions (Nattrass, 2014). As a result, the structural mismatch occurs between the skills of the unemployed and demands of the available vacancies. This means that people who have a profession and skill levels that do not meet modern requirements and current industry structure, being laid off, cannot find a job. Together with frictional unemployment, structural unemployment forms a natural unemployment, which is compatible with the state of full employment, and the actual amount of production in this case is equal to the potential (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 98). Here, frictional unemployment implies unemployment associated with the process of changing jobs, i.e. voluntary abandonment of one job and the search for another. Frictional unemployed include the dismissed or ones who quit their job, pending restoring at previous job or having found a new job, but who have not started it. Frictional unemployment is a phenomenon not only inevitable but also desirable, as it promotes a more rational allocation of labor and higher productivity.In addition, OECD experts (2010) distinguish institutional unemployment emerging in the case of state or unions intervention in setting the size of wage rates that differ from those that could be generated in the natural market economy, as well as marginal unemployment of poorly protected population layers and the lower classes, in particular unemployment among women, youth unemployment in a group of 18-25-year-olds, and unemployment among people with disabilities. Another serious problem is the presence of hidden unemployment as opposed to registered one, when the unemployment of potential workers is not reflected in official statistics. For example, as a result of production decline, labor force is often not used fully, but is not dismissed either. In latent unemployment, formally employed actually become u nemployed persons. In addition, there is a separate layer of individuals wanting to work, but not registered as unemployed. Partly, hidden unemployment is represented by people who stopped looking for work (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 156).The reduction of unemployment is an extremely challenging task namely due to the existence of a variety of its types. Theoretically, it is not possible to develop a common way of dealing with unemployment, and therefore any state is forced to use different methods to solve this problem, some of which are discussed below.Overcoming unemploymentCommon to all types of unemployment measures include creation of new jobs by stimulating small and large businesses, and establishment of labor exchanges and other types of employment services (Verhaar Jansma, 2014; OECD, 2010; Blustein et al., 2012). However, in general, effective implementation of methods to overcome unemployment requires identifying the factors that determine the supply and demand of labor for each particular form of unemployment.Thus, for example, measures to deal with frictional unemployment primarily include the improvement of the information supply system for the labor market and creation of special services for this (OECD, 2010, p. 41). It is obvious that if the unemployed does not have information on existing vacancies, one cannot get a job. To solve this problem there are labor exchanges, employment centers and other similar private or public organizations. Equally important are the systematic studies of the labor market, including the study of the structure of employment in the labor market of public entities, registered unemployment problems, problems of interaction between employees and employers, employment problems of certain categories of the population, organizational problems of employment service and its individual directions. In addition, various job fairs, open days and similar events can be held to increase awareness.Fighting structural unemployment involves transformation of more complex mechanisms like providing opportunities for training and retraining of the unemployed, as well as protectionist measures to protect the domestic market (Blustein et al., 2012; OECD, 2010). In particular, protectionist measures help protect undeveloped and inefficient sectors of the economy of the country, reducing unemployment caused by the defeat of the enterprises in the competition. At the same time, as Blustein et al. (2012, p. 349) rightly note, this eventually reduces the competitiveness of national companies, undermines international trade, and monopolizes production leading to various negative consequences for the economy. Therefore, more efficient are the methods of economic diplomacy that also focuses on the development of the domestic market, but alongside is promoting national products in the foreign market, supporting investment projects in other countries and attracting foreign investment, providing the best terms of trade in fo reign markets (McBride Mustchin, 2013; OECD, 2010).In addition, the development of vocational education and training of public services allows workers to improve their skills, thereby adapting them to changes in the labor market. Particular attention should be paid to scarce occupations and professions (McBride Mustchin, 2013, p. 346). The disadvantage of this method is that it does not give quick results and increases inequality among workers, since the probability to get education increases in accord with the current job position (Nattrass, 2014, p. 92). Besides, unemployment caused by the decline in production and a sharp increase in the working population cannot be reduced in this way (OECD, 2010, p. 45).The major means of combating cyclical unemployment are implementation of stabilization policy aimed at preventing the deep recessions of production and, consequently, mass unemployment, as well as creation of additional jobs in the public sector (McBride Mustchin, 2013; Blust ein et al., 2012). Direct job creation through public spending is often formed by execution of public interest work, for example, in the field of environmental protection, road and railway construction, clearing debris from places of residence and so on. This approach is part of the Keynesian model of the economy, and it proved to be effective during the Great Depression in the United States. In total, in the 1933-1939 in the United States the number of employees in public works for the construction of canals, roads, and bridges reached 4 million people (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 183).An important aspect in overcoming unemployment, particularly voluntary and hidden, is holding indirect labor market policy aimed at the formation of a certain attitude to unemployment in society, and smoothing its negative effects, as McBride and Mustchin (2013, p. 343) mark. Administrative employment regulation should include the ensuring of legal protection of employees, using of alternative forms of employment, developing unemployment insurance system, simplifying registration of the unemployed at employment services, strengthening guarantees in terms of payment for work and addressing arrears of wages, as well as introduction of effective protection system for wage workers through the mechanism of social partnership (Blustein et al., 2012; OECD, 2010; Nattrass, 2014). Here, in addition of flexible and non-traditional forms of employment providing the possibility or works to choose the optimal working schedule, it is also necessary to use the world experience of job-sharing and work-sharing in time and space. In turn, the system of social partnership is designed to provide negotiation to determine the minimum wage, and in some cases – to establish criteria for increasing wages at the industry or company level within the framework of the national policy of income and employment.ConclusionSince unemployment is a serious macroeconomic problem and an indicator of macroecono mic instability, the state must take measures to fight it. However, ways to overcome unemployment are directly depend on the unemployment types, because they are caused by different reasons. In our view, the factor-based policy is one of the most effective, as it interprets unemployment in the full range of its manifestations. In particular, measures to deal with frictional unemployment primarily include the improvement of the information supply system for the labor market and creation of special services for this, while structural unemployment involves the provision of wide opportunities for training and retraining of the unemployed, as well as economic diplomacy measures aimed at domestic market protection and attraction of investments. Cyclical and hidden unemployment could be prevented through the mechanism of administrative regulation, development of social partnership system and creation of additional jobs in the public sector.At the same time, individual events cannot complet ely eliminate the risk of unemployment and its growth: this can be achieved only in the overall improvement of the economic situation in the country. Therefore, the national policy to combat unemployment should focus on the long term, providing not only population employment, but also stable economic growth.