Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Review Answers Free Essays

What is the equation for photosynthesis? CA + OH ; C6H1206 + 602 6. What are suspended in the fluid strata Of chloroplasts? Stacks of ayatollahs called grand 7. _ Photosynthesis/Diocletian Pathway_ is a series of linked chemical reactions from which energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds. We will write a custom essay sample on Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Review Answers or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8. What is the purpose of chlorophyll? Absorb light energy Why is it green? Green Color reflected 9. What can happen to light when it strikes an object? Reflected, Absorbed, and Transmitted 10. What happens when chlorophyll absorbs light? Electrons are raised to a higher energy level 11. Where do the electron from a chlorophyll molecule go when they move to a higher energy level? Electron transport chain 12. Electrons found in photosynthesis are eventually replaced by electrons from _photosynthesis II . 13. Where does the oxygen come from that is produced in photosynthesis? Water 14. What is the major gas byproduct of photosynthesis? Oxygen 15. Photosynthesis occurs in the ethylated membrane and converts light energy into chemical energy. 16. What process provides the energy to produce TAP molecules? Photosynthesis 17. Ethylated membrane is where electrons return to their original energy levels. 8. Calvin_ Cycle creates the carbohydrates needed for energy and growth in photosynthesis. What other organic molecules are produced? Proteins and Lipids 19. Name the two prod cuts of the light reaction in photosynthesis that provide energy for the Calvin Cycle. TAP and NADIA 20. What does the Calvin Cycle require? TAP and NADIA Can it occur in light and dark conditions? Yes What does the Calvin Cycle generate? Glucose 21 . Where does the TAP for the Calvin Cycle come from for the production of carbohydrate molecules? Light Reactions of photosynthesis 22. Where do all the carbon atoms in organic lessees ultimately come from? Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere 23. Why is TAP important? Essential for all tasks necessary for cell’s life 24. What gas is produced in photosynthesis necessary for cellular respiration? Oxygen 25. What is the equation for cellular respiration? C6H1206 + 602 CHIC + OH + energy (TAP) 26. What process breaks down food molecules to release stored energy? Cellular Respiration 27. What occurs during glycoside? Molecule of glucose is split, two molecules of Pyrrhic Acid are made, and 2 Tap’s are produced. Is glycoside an aerobic or anaerobic reaction? Anaerobic 28. What is the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down anaerobic (without oxygen)? Fermentation 29. What is produced in muscles when you exercise vigorously in the absence of necessary oxygen? Lactic Acid 30. Name the three stages of cellular respiration. Glycoside, Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain What are the two main stages for cellular respiration? Glycoside and Aerobic Respiration Which stage prod cues the most energy? Electron Transport Chain 31 NADIA, CA, and FADDY are formed during the Krebs Cycle. 32. What two aerobic stages in cellular respiration reduce most of the TAP needed for life, break down glucose into Carbon Dioxide, water, and TAP? Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain 33. What are the end products of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration? Water and Tap’s 34. Electrons combine with oxygen and protons to form water at the end of the electron transport chain . 35. When living cells break down molecules, what is the form of energy stored and energy released Stored as TAP and heat is released 36. What two molecules donate the electrons for the electron transport chain? FADDY and NADIA and H2O How to cite Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Review Answers, Papers

Teacher Day free essay sample

A great Teacher, Scholar Philosopher â€Å"He is a great teacher. There is a lot we can learn from him†, said Pandit Jawarlal Nehru about Dr. S. Radhakrishanan. When Dr. Radhakrishanan became the President of India in the year 1962, some of his fans requested him that they intended to celebrate Sep. 5 his birthday. Dr. Radhakrishanan said, â€Å"Instead of celebrating my birthday separately, it would be my proud privilege if Sep. 5 is celebrated as Teachers’ Day†. Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishanan was born on Sep. 5, 1888 at Tirutani, a small temple town-north-west of Chennai. He started his career as a teacher and served as the President of India. He was awarded to a scholarship to study at the Madras Christian College from where he graduated in 1906 with first class honours. He chose Philosophy because he got the textbooks free from his cousin. He was influenced with William Skinner and A. G. Hogg. These teachers instilled in him a sense of tolerance importance of accurate scholarship and a broad view of philosophy. Skinner gave a letter of introduction to the Director of Public Instructor that said, â€Å"one of the best men use have had of recent year† for the post of lecturer in the field of education. In Presidency College, Madras in 1911, Dr. Radhakrishanan served as Additional Assistant Professor of Philosophy. He taught Psychology, European Thought and Political Philosophy. He was known for clarity and aptness, crispness that students from other colleges too attended his classes. A. G. Hogg himself made it very clear that his students would attend the lectures on political Philosophy in the Presidency College only if Sri Radhakrishanan delivered him. Sri Radhakrishanan also served as Professor of Philosophy in Mysore University in 1918. When king George V. Professorship of Mental and Moral Science in Calcutta University fell vacant, in 1920, the then Vice Chancellor Sri Ashutosh Mukherjee invented Dr. Radhakrishnan to apply for the chair. In 1922, he represented Calcutta University at the Congress of Universities of the British Empire in London and delivered many lectures on â€Å"Hindu Philosophy†. He attended the International Congress of Philosophy at Howard where he spoke on the Role of Philosophy in the history of civilization. â€Å"In 1929, Radhakrishanan was invited to take the post vacated by Principal J. Estin Carpenter in Manchester College, Oxford. In 1931, Dr. Radhakrishanan became the Vice-Chancellor of the Andhra University at Waltair. During 1936-39, he was the Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions at Oxford. He delivered the British Academy’s Mastermind lecture on Buddha in 1937. After his return to India at the start of the World War II, he was appointed Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University from 1939-48. He was the leader of Indian delegation to UNESCO during 1946-52. He was the Ambassador of India to USSR. He was the Vice-President of India from 1952-62. He served as the President of general conference of UNESCO from 1952-54. He also held the office of the Vice-Chancellor, University of Delhi, from 1953-62 From May 1962-67, he was the President of India. When Dr. Radhakrishanan became the President of India in 1962, he accepted a minimum salary of Rs. 2500/- art of his salary of Rs. 10,000/- and like Bapu Rajendra Prasad, he donated the remaining amount to the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund , till his tenure. In 1963, British Queen honoured him by making him the Honorary Member of the Order of Merit. Pope John Paul conferred on him, the highest award in Europe, â€Å"The Vatican Award†. Bharat Ratna was given to him in 1954, the highest award in India. It was fitting tribute to a great person like him. â€Å"An idealist view of life† and â€Å"Hindu View of Life†, Indian Philosophy are some of his finest works. According to Dr. Radhakrishanan, â€Å"A good teacher must know how to arouse the interest of the pupil in the field of study for which he is responsible, he must himself be a master in the field and be in touch with the latest developments in his subject, he must himself be a fellow traveler in the exciting pursuit of knowledge†. Philosophers should be rulers and rulers should be Philosophers†, said Plato and Dr. Radhakrishanan stood up to Plato’s word. Teachers are the pillars of knowledge and education. They are the silent builders of our future, society and nation. Teaching involves (assumes) great sacrifice. The way to success is ragged and steep no-trumpets-no-chariots. There is the joy of moulding and reforming the you th of rousing the indolent or sluggishness of steadying the unstable and encouraging the eager, ravenous, voracious and desires. There is the pride of kindling the furnace and igniting the conviction or determination in the noodle persons/pupils. That in later years shall banish the darkness of illiteracy from our land. According to Mr. Henry Adams â€Å"A teacher affects eternity, no one can know and tell where his influence stops†. Teachers not only give us booklore but they also flow the stream of cognizance and learning. They draw out our flaws, follies and weakness. They teach us discipline and manners. There is a proverb in Hindi that â€Å"Bina guru ke gyan nahin milta† means knowledge cannot be attained without/sans the teacher. They are the celestial incarnation and niche among us. We ought to respect them heartily, because they are nectar in the sea of venom and elixir among the stones or pebbles. (Here Below Careful for Hindi Fonts if U see boxes) Teacher- The Gure fk{kd xq:By-Suresh Maurya ( Gurur Brahma, Gurur Vishnu, Guru Devo Maheshwara Gurur Sakshat Parabrahma, Tasmay Shri Guru Vednamah The above shloka indicates the great power and meaning, which is related with the English word Teacher. Profession as teacher is a passionate job, a job which has the power to change the world.. Basically what we are is only because of our teachers effort. A teacher is like a candle who burns himself to enlighten pupils lives. We are reading this article is only because of that teacher, who has forced us to read and write during our initial days, when we never wanted to read or reply here, but still that teacher used to teach us and motivate to the fullest saying do, you can do it, because he knows well that will benefit us in the future. So because of several such reasons we should salute The Teacher. The teacher is a main core of anybodys life as it has the power to bring drastic and dramatic changes in the students life. Only teacher gets the chance to say that he has got the opportunity to make the life of several pupils. It is so because everybody lives for him/herself, work for his/her own benefit, think of own motto etc, but there are less people who think of others who give something to others, make the life of the pupil beautiful and successful, i. e. The Teacher, he plays a dynamic role in regard of the future of the nation. Sometimes he takes harsh step but only for betterment of the pupil. Whatsoever good and bad we learn from our Teacher during those days hangs with us until our death. Teaching someone in a sense can be challenging. On the other hand learning can be more difficult. Teachers play a very important role in shaping the life of the children. He is the role model before the children. The innovative teacher always creates new things within the children and inspires them to be creative and innovative. An innovative teacher doesnt think any new thing as burden but an opportunity to be a part of creation. Teacher is instrumental in laying the foundation stone of a persons life. When you become a teacher, you enter a world of opportunity. There are lot of benefits of becoming a teacher. One of the basic benefits of becoming a teacher is that you get chance to befriend children, be their source of inspiration, win hearts of the little ones and guide them in their journey of life. You get chance to be with children in laughing and thinking their way and enjoy their innocently silly and healthily mischievous behaviour. On becoming a teacher, you need to face a huge audience. Be they kids or they adolescents and sometimes their parents. You need to interact with a large number of students as a part of your job. This acts as a confidence-booster. Your students often come up with questions whether intelligent or weird, and you need to answer them. As their teacher, you are supposed to clarify all their doubts and help them learn new things. It makes in you alertness and precision in your expression. A teacher has to have a thorough knowledge of subject and present it effectively. A teacher often, every year, has to work with a new group of students. So being a teacher you are sure to get rid of the elements of monotony and repetition in your job. He gets to accomplish variety of jobs on ensuing variety of programmes as national festivals, birthdays of leaders, teacher day, annual day etc and above all exams. So teaching a noble profession. No one can tell, where his influence stops. So whether you never like any of your teacher but never say anything bad of them, s/he may be honourable to other. Teachers have to suffer lot so keep respect for them. Difficult Meanings-passionate-Hkkoukiw. kZ pupil-fk; initial-izkjfEHkd core-dsanzh; drastic-vkewypqy dramatic-ukVdh; motto-m)s;@eryc harsh step-l[r dne whatsoever-tks dqN Hkh hang with-dk;e jguk innovative-uohurk Hkjs creative-ltZukRed instrumental-mi;ksxh laying the foundation stone-uhao dk iRFkj j[kuk innocently silly-eklweh;r Hkjh csodqfQ;kW healthy mischievous-Hkyh kjkjrsa adolescent-O;Ld interact-vkil esa fopkjfoekZ djuk booster-c

Critical analysis of after Apple picking Essay Example For Students

Critical analysis of after Apple picking Essay The choice of diction in Harvest remains unexplained- it could refer to the physical apples, the metaphorical chances or to spiritual concepts. This links back to the subject matters of regret, death and sleep- the poet emphasizes his regret in there were ten thousand thousand. The repetition of the word thousand seems to emphasize the amount of opportunity he had but yet failed to realize. A sense of frustration is also felt in the plosive For all the poet is frustrated in the immediate categorization and castigation of any apple that fell. The lack of opportunity for the apple to prove itself, as it were, is a metaphysical allusion to religion and a critique of categorizing people into good vs. bad. Frost keeps the most intriguing devices for his poem to the last. Thus far, Frost has confined himself to the explicit use of imagery and an acute notice of emotions to serve as a medium for his thoughts. However, the languid tone that pervades the poem is succored in the last passage when he talks unambiguously about sleep for the first time. This is made apparent in his choice of diction: One instead of I. By snapping out of his first person narrative, the apple picker distances him from the dreamlike quality of the poem and into a sharper dialogue. The selection of the woodchuck is a metaphor for physical sleep; however, Frost also implies sit may be some kind of longer sleep. That the poet remains unsure and undecided by the end of the poem shows suspension between not-life and not-death; where language is narcotized toward incoherence and lack of control. This final analysis makes sense in the methods explored earlier: the 2 possible analyses applied to the poem and the lack of resolution by the poems end. In the end, the poet shows that his exertions have left him so fatigue that he could sleep like the dead. Indeed the final line expresses a diminished sense of human sleep, a diminished sense of the labor, knowledge, and aspiration. It is the lack of definite analyses or poets intention that is the poets purpose here- to create and undecided poem, mimicking his own fatigue and the drowsing off of the speaker as he rambles on. The last point to be analysed can be found in Frosts style. He resorts to biblical allusion at several points, which his intended audience- 20th century Americans- would be able to grasp with ease. This is combined with abstract metaphor for sleep as death, sky for heaven, ladder for ascension and hoary grass for earth. Frost completes this jigsaw with his acute sensory perception, explicit use of imagery and multiple emotions (fatigue, desire, frustration, resignation). This gives it the unique transcendentalist touch- indeed; Frost seems to avoid labeling his poem with a definite message. Whilst the biblical allusion ascribes to his audiences spiritual consciousness his use of imagery induces emotions which mirror his own. After Apple Picking by Robert Frost is an ambiguous poem that should be celebrated for its lack of a definite meaning and acclaimed for its unique transcendentalist nature. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our International Baccalaureate World Literature section. Download this essay Print Save Top Heres what a star student thought of this essay 5 star(s).

Aristotelian Criticism of Jimmy Carters Speech for Gerald Fords Eulogy Essay Example

Aristotelian Criticism of Jimmy Carters Speech for Gerald Fords Eulogy Essay Example Aristotelian Criticism of Jimmy Carters Speech for Gerald Fords Eulogy Paper Aristotelian Criticism of Jimmy Carters Speech for Gerald Fords Eulogy Paper 1976 was the first time in the United States history where presidential candidates would debate head to head, sharing the stage and increasing competition. Gerald Ford was expected to come ahead, but his opponent Jimmy Carter was perceived as confident and a fierce contender. Many argue that Gerald Ford’s downfall was due to the pardon of President Nixon, while others thought he faltered during the live broadcasted debate in San Francisco, with his response to his â€Å"international policy leadership. (CNN Time) Nevertheless, come election day, Jimmy Carter was the new Commander in Chief. Although their rivalry was aggressive, the two stayed friends and worked closely on many national matters, such as â€Å"the Panama Canal treaties, nuclear armaments control with the Soviet Union and the Camp David accords. † (Carter) President Carter spoke at Ford’s funeral and Carter’s speech is a great example of how a speaker can convey condolence and affection for a worth adversary and friend. A Neo-Aristotelian Criticism, created in 1925, by Hervert A. Wichlen is an analysis that condones the use of the five cannons; invention, organization, style, memory and delivery. To begin with invention, one must describe the external proofs, meaning the context of the speech and background of the speaker and occasion and internal proofs, the affected audience and specific appeals used. Ethos appeal to ethics and morals, pathos, targeting emotions and logos, to engaging facts and logistics. The second foundation is organization, or the structure and arrangement of said artifact. This is looking at why and what manner the rhetor organized context. The third cannon is style, meaning the stylistic device the speaker chose to weave into his speech, such as alliteration, metaphors or allegories or just the style of language the rhetor uses. Next is memory. Has the rhetor memorized some, part or all of his speech? The final cannon is delivery, the actual presentation of the artifact. Examples are hand gestures, eye contact and other vocal devices. There are other elements in Neo- Aristotelian criticism, like public perception, audience, major ideas and long term effects. However, the method always utilizes most if not all of the five cannons. I will start my analysis of Former President Jimmy Carter’s eulogy with invention. Carter drew on ethos with his description of their faith and moral values, and the fact that both were former presidents increases credibility of both the rhetor and the man that was being remembered. Jimmy Carter also touches the logos, or factual side, reminding the people of the many challenges the president and America faced, such as â€Å"the Panama treaties, nuclear armaments control with the Soviet Union, normalized diplomatic relations with China,† and many other issues. f the occasion and nature of the speech, Carter appealed to pathos. He is also affecting the emotions of his audience, with his intimate stories of his time spent with Ford. Another example is the personal amusement the two presidents shared with the cartoon in the â€Å"New Yorker,† (Carter), or the light hearted jokes Carter strategically placed throughout the eulogy. He was sincere, but he did not let th e mood turn to one of somberness. On that note I’ll move into the next cannon, organization. While the occasion is one of seriousness, Carter brings humor to the table. He carefully structures his speech to follow the pattern of a serious or intimate anecdote, followed by a small joke or humorous story of Ford and himself. This successfully keeps the atmosphere respectful, however all can smile in remembrance of Ford’s life and happy moments. Not only does he regulate the mood, but also the audience’s attention. By revealing personal stories, he invites the audience into not only Ford’s life, but his too. Carter’s introduction and conclusion is the same line, â€Å"For myself and for our nation, I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land. † (Carter) This is successful arrangement because it draws all the anecdotes and jokes back to the occasion, celebrating a friend and national representative. As I mentioned before, Jimmy Carter uses many small stories, or anecdotes, throughout his speech. Carter also uses a cathartic strategy, which can be explained as a release of strong emotion, and in this situation his eulogy is his release. His approach is personal, listing the names of his family members, and the Ford family members. This adds to the sincerity of the eulogy because he is talking directly to the family, instead of a broad out reach to the audience. Since the artifact was not memorized, the final cannon I want to address is the delivery. Carter’s delivery fit his purpose perfectly. He respectfully honored a great person. The slow pace of his presentation represents the solemnity of the matter. Carter also takes time to look out into the audience as he speaks which shows that he is trying to also make a connection on a personal level. Overall, Jimmy Carter accomplished his goal in giving a memorable and respectable speech in honor of former President Gerald Ford. Through his context, organization, style and delivery Carter effectively demonstrates a professional, yet personal method that consoles and reminisces of a former adversary and friend. Bibliography Foss, Sonja K. Rhetorical Criticism: Exploration Practice. 4th ed. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 1989. Print. Carter, Jimmy. Carter Center Editorials and Speeches Jimmy Carter Eulogy for Gerald R. Ford. Carter Center Editorials and Speeches Jimmy Carter Eulogy for Gerald R. Ford. The Carter Center, 3 Jan. 2007. Web. 09 Sept. 2012. . 1976 Presidential Debates. AllPolitics. Ed. Unknown. CNN. com, 1996. Web. 09 Sept. 2012. . Goodrigde, Elisabeth. Gerald Ford v. Jimmy Carter: There Is No Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe U. S. News and World Report. U. S. News and World Report, 17 Jan. 2008. Web. 9 Sept. 2012. .

Essay on ECONOMICS The Challenges of Unemployment

Essay on ECONOMICS The Challenges of Unemployment Essay on ECONOMICS: The Challenges of Unemployment Essay on ECONOMICS: The Challenges of UnemploymentUnemployment is a form of manifestation of macroeconomic instability expressed in excess of supply over demand of labor, when the economically active population is not engaged in economic activity in the country despite active search for job and willingness to work. Obviously, with the incomplete use of the available manpower resources economic system works not reaching its production capacity limits, and any economic growth in the country is out of the question. Thus, unemployment entails a significant reduction in potential gross product and national income. According to Okun’s law the increase in actual unemployment by 1% compared to its natural rate leads to 2.5% loss of GNP, which further manifests in the reduction of total consumption, savings and investment, general increase of social burden and uneven distribution of unemployment costs among different population groups, and overall reduction of households’ welfar e (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 82). In addition, the rise in unemployment causes worsening of crime situation, worsening of growth dynamics of public interest in labor, as well as loss of qualifications of able-bodied citizens.By the end of 2013 there were nearly 202 million unemployed in the world, that is, about five million more than in the previous year (Nattrass, 2014, p. 90). This especially harmed 74.5 million young people aged 15 to 24, which is a million more than in the previous year (Nattrass, 2014, p. 91). If governments continue to do nothing and do not deal with the crisis of youth employment, stagnant unemployment and other problems of the labor market, this may lead to further social tensions. Thus, unemployment is currently one of the most serious challenges that contemporary economies must overcome. Further in this paper, we will examine the main types of unemployment and produce recommendations on preventing the development of factors causing them.Major types of une mploymentAll working-age population that is not working, but is looking for job is considered unemployed. The criteria for distinguishing the types of unemployment, as a rule, are the reasons for it.Thus, involuntary or unemployment of expectations occurs when an employee is able and willing to work at a given wage, but cannot find a job. The reason is the imbalance in the labor market due to the inflexibility of wages (due to laws on minimum wages, trade union demands, raising wages to improve the quality of labor, etc.). When the real wage is above the level corresponding to the balance of supply and demand, labor supply exceeds demand. Number of applicants for a limited number of jobs increases, and the chance of real employment decreases, which increases unemployment rate. Varieties of involuntary unemployment include cyclic (caused by repetitive production decline in the country or region), seasonal (depends on fluctuations in the level of economic activity during the year, cha racteristic of some specific sectors of the economy), and technological (related to mechanization and automation of production, which resulted in part of labor power becoming superfluous, or requiring a higher skill level (Verhaar Jansma, 2014). In turn, voluntary unemployment is related to the reluctance of people to work, for example under conditions of reduced wages. Voluntary unemployment increases during economic boom and decreases in recession. Also, there is a concept of â€Å"unemployment trap†, when a person’s income do not differ much, regardless of whether one works or not (due to deprivation of the right to appropriate compensation and fringe benefits, as well as significant payments of insurance premiums, etc.), which reduces a person’s interest to employment (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 128).One of the key types of unemployment is structural unemployment which is caused by structural changes in the economy, such as changes in the structure of demand for products of different industries, consumer goods and production technologies, elimination of obsolete industries and professions (Nattrass, 2014). As a result, the structural mismatch occurs between the skills of the unemployed and demands of the available vacancies. This means that people who have a profession and skill levels that do not meet modern requirements and current industry structure, being laid off, cannot find a job. Together with frictional unemployment, structural unemployment forms a natural unemployment, which is compatible with the state of full employment, and the actual amount of production in this case is equal to the potential (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 98). Here, frictional unemployment implies unemployment associated with the process of changing jobs, i.e. voluntary abandonment of one job and the search for another. Frictional unemployed include the dismissed or ones who quit their job, pending restoring at previous job or having found a new job, but who have not started it. Frictional unemployment is a phenomenon not only inevitable but also desirable, as it promotes a more rational allocation of labor and higher productivity.In addition, OECD experts (2010) distinguish institutional unemployment emerging in the case of state or unions intervention in setting the size of wage rates that differ from those that could be generated in the natural market economy, as well as marginal unemployment of poorly protected population layers and the lower classes, in particular unemployment among women, youth unemployment in a group of 18-25-year-olds, and unemployment among people with disabilities. Another serious problem is the presence of hidden unemployment as opposed to registered one, when the unemployment of potential workers is not reflected in official statistics. For example, as a result of production decline, labor force is often not used fully, but is not dismissed either. In latent unemployment, formally employed actually become u nemployed persons. In addition, there is a separate layer of individuals wanting to work, but not registered as unemployed. Partly, hidden unemployment is represented by people who stopped looking for work (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 156).The reduction of unemployment is an extremely challenging task namely due to the existence of a variety of its types. Theoretically, it is not possible to develop a common way of dealing with unemployment, and therefore any state is forced to use different methods to solve this problem, some of which are discussed below.Overcoming unemploymentCommon to all types of unemployment measures include creation of new jobs by stimulating small and large businesses, and establishment of labor exchanges and other types of employment services (Verhaar Jansma, 2014; OECD, 2010; Blustein et al., 2012). However, in general, effective implementation of methods to overcome unemployment requires identifying the factors that determine the supply and demand of labor for each particular form of unemployment.Thus, for example, measures to deal with frictional unemployment primarily include the improvement of the information supply system for the labor market and creation of special services for this (OECD, 2010, p. 41). It is obvious that if the unemployed does not have information on existing vacancies, one cannot get a job. To solve this problem there are labor exchanges, employment centers and other similar private or public organizations. Equally important are the systematic studies of the labor market, including the study of the structure of employment in the labor market of public entities, registered unemployment problems, problems of interaction between employees and employers, employment problems of certain categories of the population, organizational problems of employment service and its individual directions. In addition, various job fairs, open days and similar events can be held to increase awareness.Fighting structural unemployment involves transformation of more complex mechanisms like providing opportunities for training and retraining of the unemployed, as well as protectionist measures to protect the domestic market (Blustein et al., 2012; OECD, 2010). In particular, protectionist measures help protect undeveloped and inefficient sectors of the economy of the country, reducing unemployment caused by the defeat of the enterprises in the competition. At the same time, as Blustein et al. (2012, p. 349) rightly note, this eventually reduces the competitiveness of national companies, undermines international trade, and monopolizes production leading to various negative consequences for the economy. Therefore, more efficient are the methods of economic diplomacy that also focuses on the development of the domestic market, but alongside is promoting national products in the foreign market, supporting investment projects in other countries and attracting foreign investment, providing the best terms of trade in fo reign markets (McBride Mustchin, 2013; OECD, 2010).In addition, the development of vocational education and training of public services allows workers to improve their skills, thereby adapting them to changes in the labor market. Particular attention should be paid to scarce occupations and professions (McBride Mustchin, 2013, p. 346). The disadvantage of this method is that it does not give quick results and increases inequality among workers, since the probability to get education increases in accord with the current job position (Nattrass, 2014, p. 92). Besides, unemployment caused by the decline in production and a sharp increase in the working population cannot be reduced in this way (OECD, 2010, p. 45).The major means of combating cyclical unemployment are implementation of stabilization policy aimed at preventing the deep recessions of production and, consequently, mass unemployment, as well as creation of additional jobs in the public sector (McBride Mustchin, 2013; Blust ein et al., 2012). Direct job creation through public spending is often formed by execution of public interest work, for example, in the field of environmental protection, road and railway construction, clearing debris from places of residence and so on. This approach is part of the Keynesian model of the economy, and it proved to be effective during the Great Depression in the United States. In total, in the 1933-1939 in the United States the number of employees in public works for the construction of canals, roads, and bridges reached 4 million people (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 183).An important aspect in overcoming unemployment, particularly voluntary and hidden, is holding indirect labor market policy aimed at the formation of a certain attitude to unemployment in society, and smoothing its negative effects, as McBride and Mustchin (2013, p. 343) mark. Administrative employment regulation should include the ensuring of legal protection of employees, using of alternative forms of employment, developing unemployment insurance system, simplifying registration of the unemployed at employment services, strengthening guarantees in terms of payment for work and addressing arrears of wages, as well as introduction of effective protection system for wage workers through the mechanism of social partnership (Blustein et al., 2012; OECD, 2010; Nattrass, 2014). Here, in addition of flexible and non-traditional forms of employment providing the possibility or works to choose the optimal working schedule, it is also necessary to use the world experience of job-sharing and work-sharing in time and space. In turn, the system of social partnership is designed to provide negotiation to determine the minimum wage, and in some cases – to establish criteria for increasing wages at the industry or company level within the framework of the national policy of income and employment.ConclusionSince unemployment is a serious macroeconomic problem and an indicator of macroecono mic instability, the state must take measures to fight it. However, ways to overcome unemployment are directly depend on the unemployment types, because they are caused by different reasons. In our view, the factor-based policy is one of the most effective, as it interprets unemployment in the full range of its manifestations. In particular, measures to deal with frictional unemployment primarily include the improvement of the information supply system for the labor market and creation of special services for this, while structural unemployment involves the provision of wide opportunities for training and retraining of the unemployed, as well as economic diplomacy measures aimed at domestic market protection and attraction of investments. Cyclical and hidden unemployment could be prevented through the mechanism of administrative regulation, development of social partnership system and creation of additional jobs in the public sector.At the same time, individual events cannot complet ely eliminate the risk of unemployment and its growth: this can be achieved only in the overall improvement of the economic situation in the country. Therefore, the national policy to combat unemployment should focus on the long term, providing not only population employment, but also stable economic growth.

The Management of Change in the Pharmaceutical Industry Research Paper

The Management of Change in the Pharmaceutical Industry - Research Paper Example According to Lerer and Piper (2003, 201) ‘digital technologies have offered new opportunities to pharmaceutical firms’; it is further explained that using these technologies pharmaceutical firms have been able to cooperate more effectively with patients and physicians. Moreover, Bakeev (2010) notes that the continuous improvement of knowledge management in the pharmaceutical industry would allow the industry’s firms to become more effective in supporting patients and healthcare professionals. Online tools have a series of advantages, including the increased potentials of firms involved in managing knowledge. At the same time, the costs of representatives in the pharmaceutical industry are quite high; a research developed in 2007 showed that ‘in 2006 the pharmaceutical firms spent approximately $150,000 for each representative in primary care and $330,000 for each representative in specialty drug’ (Bak and Stair 2011, p.137). The use of online tools wo uld help pharmaceutical firms to resolve a series of operational problems and to decrease the costs of representatives, a practice followed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., as explained below. 1.2 Diagnosis of change The implementation of change in pharmaceutical firms is unavoidable, in the context described earlier. ... scribed as follows: a) to check the level at which online tools are used in the pharmaceutical industry, b) to identify the benefits and weaknesses of these tools, as reported by the industry’s firms, c) to check the effects of online tools on the operations of Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., d) to identify the strategies used by the above organization for implementing change, as related to these tools, and to evaluate these strategies’ requirements, implications and risks, and e) to identify the potential long-term benefits and consequences of online tools in the pharmaceutical industry. 1.3 Implementation of change Under the pressures of the rapid development of technology globally, especially in regard to the involvement of the WWW in organizational activities, the pharmaceutical industry had to face the following dilemma: should its operations be transformed meeting the global trends in regard to the use of online tools in prescribing and informing customers on the d rugs’ use and implications? This issue is made clear in the case of Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. In 2010 the firm launched Prescribe Responsibly, ‘an online system for supporting appropriate treatment of pain’ (Johnson & Johnson 2011). In August of 2011, the firm updated the specific system adding new tools and features so that the support provided to health care professionals to be increased (Johnson & Johnson 2011). This initiative has resulted because of the failures and the delays that the company had to face in regard to the support provided to the physicians for handling pain. 2. Literature review The efforts of continuous improvement of operations are often related to the appearance of Taylorism, a trend that changed the manufacturing processes in the automotive industry in the USA.

CORPORATE STRATEGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

CORPORATE STRATEGY - Essay Example However, the recent Cola-wars forced the company to change its strategy and look beyond the carbonated drinks. The company has undergone massive restructuring and found healthier alternatives to meet the challenges that globalization posed (Jonash, Koehler, Onassis, 2007). The purpose of a true strategy is to master the business environment by understanding and anticipating the actions and strategies of the competitors. Competition is intense in markets without barriers. Competitive advantage that a firm has must be such that it is difficult to duplicate. In other words, a must have some differentiating factor. According to Greenwald and Kahn (2005) the three factors that generate competitive advantage include customer captivity, proprietary technology and economies of scale. Pepsi’s strategy demonstrates a deep understanding of markets and identifying unmet customer needs, identifying existing and potential internal capabilities that could be used to leverage differentiation, clustering innovation opportunities around a strategic platform and investing in innovation and executing on the strategic growth platforms and the opportunities (Jonash, Koehler, Onassis, 2007). Pepsi has entered emerging markets which have opened up their economies. Thus PepsiCo has been following a differentiation strategy, which according to Johnson and Scholes, seeks to provide products or services unique or different from those of competitors in terms of dimensions widely valued by buyers (Business Strategy, 2002). Organic growth refers to the long-term strategy of the company, apart from enhancing its core strength and vitality (Porter, 1979). Although Pepsi has been concentrating on the core growth but in the past five years it has continues to pursue its strategy of growth through acquisition. As a long-term strategy, PepsicCo had entered the sports drinks market through the